Make

Tool which controls the generation of executables and other non-source files of a program from the program's source files.

CMake

A cross-platform frontend for Make and other build systems.

SCons

An improved, cross-platform substitute for the classic Make, featuring python integration.

Autoconf Automake and Libtool

Learning the GNU development tools

online docs about autoconf and friends.

GNU Autoconf, Automake, and Libtool

free book on autoconf and friends.

CygWin

A Unix-like environment for Windows. Including compilers and *NIX tools.

GCC

GCC The GNU Compiler collection. Your favorite GNU/Linux distribution will have a package. Included in Mac OS X. A great online free book about gcc/g++ is also available.

ICC

Intel compiler for GNU/Linux and Windows. There's a free non-commercial version for GNU/Linux

MinGW

Minimalist GNU For win32 (Windows has a native version. Linux has one to cross compile for win32). Windows users might want msys.shtml Msys for a *NIX shell like environment.

VC++ 9

MS Visual C++ Express 2008 IDE comes with a compiler. See the IDE section below.

DDD

GNU DDD is a graphical front-end for GDB.

GDB

The GNU Project Debugger.

Valgrind

Stop those segmentation faults (linux only, non x86 support is pretty new). Also finds those pesky memory leaks.

MS debugger

MS Visual Express 2008 IDE comes with a debugger. See the IDE section below

Doxygen

A documentation system for C++, C, Java, Objective-C and more.

Anjuta

Versatile IDE for C and C++ on GNU/Linux. Anjuta has a lot of gnome desktop environment dependencies, but it is a good install if you have most of gnome.

Code::Blocks

A good cross-platform IDE which supports many compilers. It features workspaces, multiple project targets, plugin extensibility and a devpak plugin for dev-c++ packages. A wxwidgets editor is also being prepared for the next release.

Dev-C++

An old C++ IDE that uses MinGW for win32, written in delphi. One of its most important features is the devpak program which installs precompiled programming library packages which you can choose from a list.

Eclipse

Universal open source IDE written in Java. (Good with CDT plugin)

KDevelop

IDE for KDE supporting many languages. KDevelop champions an automake editor which can be used as a workspace for different projects with multiple targets. There is also console and debugger integration.

MS Visual C++ Express 2008

Microsoft's free version of their IDE(compiler, editor and debugger). Read their FAQ. Don't forget to install the Windows Platform SDK and you might want the service pack 1

NetBeans

Another Java-based IDE. Runs on Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and Solaris. NetBeans IDE is open-source and free.

wxDev-C++

Extension of Dev-C++ for Windows with main goal of helping in development of wxWidgets projects. Ships with pre-packaged MinGW and wxWindgets library.

XCode

Default IDE on Mac OS X, free download

Emacs

Kitchen sink and a power drill. Does more than the many of the above IDEs and is still considered just an editor by most.

Vim

An edit mode based editor with scripting, syntax highlighting and more.